Review on Removal of Heavy Metals From Waste Water Using Activated Carbon-prepared

Abstract

This study details the removal of heavy metals; Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Lead from wastewater effluent using an activated carbon produced from African palm fruit. The effluent was obtained from Sometime Panteka marketplace; a metallic scrap Market located in Kaduna State, Nigeria, which has several components that constitute high level of pollution in the environment. The effect of temperature and contact fourth dimension on the removal of these heavy metals using the activated carbon produced was investigated. The activated carbon showed a significant ability in removing heavy metals; Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Atomic number 82 from the wastewater. Higher percent removal was observed at a temperature of 80 °C (93.23 ± 0.035, 96.71 ± 0.097, 92.01 ± 0.018, and 95.42 ± 0.067 % for Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Atomic number 82, respectively) and at an optimum contact time of sixty min (99.235 ± 0.148, 96.711 ± 0.083, 95.34 ± 0.015, and 97.750 ± 0.166 % for Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Lead, respectively) subsequently which the percent removal decreases. This piece of work, therefore, suggests that African palm fruit can exist successfully practical to solve this ecology pollution.

Introduction

Heavy metal is any metallic chemical element that is poisonous at low concentrations (Srivastava and Goyal 2010) when consumed over permissible quantities crusade psychological disorder (Prabakarani et al. 2011). They are highly toxic for both animals and man beings (Nwankwo and Elinder 1979; Jarup 2003), and tin can be bio-accumulated through biological chains and are non biodegradable and persistent (Haware and Pramod 2011). Their toxicity may occur due to industrial emission that contaminates waterways, nearby streams and rivers, contamination of irrigation h2o, the application of fertilizer and metal-based pesticides, harvesting procedure, transportation, storage, or sale. (Bempah et al. 2011). This contagion is a widespread environmental problem (Nwankwo and Elinder 1979; Jarup 2003). The harmful effects acquired by heavy metals in water to living organism if backlog amount is ingested through nutrient (El-Said et al. 2010). Elements, such as Cadmium and Chromium, are considered carcinogenic, while Atomic number 26, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Nickel are considered essential trace elements (Sulyman et al. 2015). Painting paper, pigment, fuels, photographic materials electroplating, battery manufactures, explosive manufacturing, and metal working industries belch a large amount of heavy metals, including Copper, Zinc, Lead, and Nickel ions in h2o bodies which crusade serious environmental contamination (Gupta et al. 2004).

Activated carbon is a term for a family of highly carbonaceous materials none of which can be characterized by a structural formula. It is an amorphous solid consisting of micro crystallites with a graphite lattice, and they are not polar, highly porous, unremarkably prepared in modest pellets or a powder. The limitation is that it reacts with oxygen at moderate temperatures (over 300 °C). Information technology is obtained from carbonaceous material; carbonization and activation are the two phases of manufacturing activated carbon (Verla et al. 2012; Nwabanne and Igbokwe 2012). Waste material water is whatever water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence and tin can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial, commercial, or agricultural activities, surface runoff, or storm water, and from sewer arrival or infiltration (WHO 2006).

Wong et al. (2003) using tartaric acid modified rice husk every bit adsorbent have carried out batch studies for the removal of lead and copper and reported the effects of various parameters, such equally pH, initial concentration of adsorbate, particle size, and temperature. It was reported that modified rice husk is a potentially useful material for the removal of Copper and Lead from aqueous solutions. The rapid uptake and high adsorption chapters go far a very attractive alternative for adsorption. Information technology was besides shown that the uptake of Copper and Lead was higher when pH was increased from ii to 3, thereafter remained relatively constant. Mohan and Singh (2002) carried out research on unmarried- and multi-component adsorption of cadmium and zinc using activated carbon derived from sugarcane baggasse. They reported that the removal of Cadmium and Zinc is institute to increment every bit pH increases to a higher place ii and at pH > eight.0 the uptake is 100 %. It is as well evident that the sorption affinity of the derived activated carbon towards Cadmium and Zinc is ameliorate than other available adsorbents. Selvi et al. (2001) studied the removal of Chromium from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coconut tree sawdust for the removal of chromuim from aqueous solution. Batch mode adsorption studies were carried out by varying agitation time, initial Chromium concentration, carbon concentration, and pH. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applied to model the adsorption data. Adsorption chapters was calculated from the Langmuir isotherm and was 3.46 mg/g at the initial pH of three.0 for particle size 125–250 μm. The adsorption of Chromium was pH dependent, and maximum removal was observed in the acidic pH range.

The need for condom and economical methods for the removal of heavy metals from waste water has necessitated inquiry low-cost agronomical waste past-products, such as sugarcane bagasse (Kadirvelu et al. 2001), rice husk (Srinivasan et al. 1998), sawdust (Ajmal et al. 1996), coconut husk (Tan et al. 1993), oil palm beat (Khan et al. 2003), and Moringa oleifera pod (Abdulrazak et al. 2015), for the removal of heavy metals from waste water, take been investigated by various researchers. Cost is an important parameter for comparing the adsorbent materials. However, cost information is seldom reported, and the expense of individual adsorbents varies depending on the caste of processing required and its availability. Due to their toxicity, heavy metal exposure causes various wellness hazards, persistency, and non-biodegradability. At that place is need for continuous enquiry on readily available low-toll adsorbent for the removal of these toxic metals from waste water. Borassus aethiopum shell have piddling economic value, hence the importance of this work.

The conventional methods for heavy metal removal from waste matter water which includes chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, and solvent extraction are expensive especially for a developing land, such as Nigeria. Adsorption is an alternative method, because it is cost effective and simple to design.

The objectives of this piece of work are aimed at utilizing low-price African palm fruit in the production of activated carbon and its application in removal of heavy metals in metallic chip effluents, and too utilize the availability of African palm fruit in the surrounding communities to solve environmental pollution.

Materials and method

Activated carbon preparation

African palm fruits were obtained at the Kawo chief market place, Kaduna N Local Regime Expanse, Kaduna state, Nigeria. It was sun-stale for six sequent days to dehydrate it completely. The sample was and then pulverized using mortar and pestle and sieved using 63 μm mesh sieve. The fine sample was so stored in an air tight container for subsequent piece of work.

Activated carbon used as sorbent was prepared according to the protocol optimized by (Abdulrazak et al. 2015). Six grams (six m) of ground African palm fruits were soaked in 50 ml of 50 % w/5 phosphoric acid solution at 30 °C for 48-h. After filtration, the impregnated raw material was then carbonized in a muffle furnace at 300 °C for ii h in nitrogen temper. After cooling, each of the carbonized materials was washed with 200 ml hot distilled h2o, and and then dried for 2 h at 120 °C. The dried activated carbon was and then weighed to determine percentage yield, which is mathematically expressed as:

$${\text{Percentage yield}}\, (\%) = \frac{\text{yield (g)}}{\text{mass of raw material (one thousand)}} \times 100.$$

(1)

Physiochemical properties

Bulk density

A 25 cm³ cylinder was filled to the mark with the produced activated carbon. The cylinder was tapped for at to the lowest degree 1–2 min to shrink the carbon to a steady volume. The compressed sample was poured out of the cylinder and weighed, and the mass (m) was divided by the last volume occupied in the cylinder:

$${\text{Bulk density}} = \frac{\text{mass (g)}}{{{\text{final volume (cm}}^{ 3} )}}.$$

(2)

Conductivity

A weight of 0.5 g of the activated carbon was placed into 100 cm³ chalice containing 50 cm³ distilled h2o. Information technology was diminished using a glass rod and then allowed to stay for well-nigh 1 h. The electrical conductivity was determined using electrical conductivity meter.

Batch adsorption experiments

Effect of contact time

A weight of 50 mg of the produced activated carbon from African palm fruit was weighed and added to five different conical flasks containing 100 ml of wastewater each in a 250 ml chalice; the flasks were stirred at five agitations per minute. The beginning, 2d, third, 4th, and 5th beaker was agitated for 30, 60, ninety, 120, and 150 min, respectively. The content of each chalice was and then filtered and prepared for the analysis.

After the treatment of the wastewater with the produced activated carbon the samples were filtered and the filtrates were analyzed with the assist of an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer at the Multi user Enquiry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. Data will be expressed equally hateful ± standard divergence.

Effect of temperature

A weight of fifty mg of the produced activated carbon from African palm fruit was weighed and put into a measured 100 ml of the effluent wastewater in a 250 ml beaker. The beaker together with its content is then placed on a rotating heating curtain. Both the heating pall and the load were placed inside a fume cupboard. This procedure was repeated at 20, 40, lx, 80, and 100 °C, respectively.

After the treatment of the waste product water with the produced activated carbon, the samples were filtered and the filtrates were analyzed.

Result and give-and-take

Table 1 shows the physiochemical properties of the produced activated carbon. The majority density and electrical conductivity of the activated carbon produced are presented below.

Table 1 Physiochemical properties of the produced activated carbon

Full size table

Table 2 shows the outcome of contact time on removal of heavy metals; Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Cadmium. From the tabular array below, at that place are higher handling efficiencies at 60 min, except for Lead, which shows higher treatment efficiency at 90 min. The result obtained is in agreement with similar work carried out past Abdulrazak et al. (2015), Srinivasan et al. (1998), and Ajmal et al. (1996). The organic contents of wastewater and the presence of microorganisms stimulate adsorption and, therefore, bear witness that the produced activated carbon tin ameliorate operation by developing unlike bacterial species (Jeong et al. 2016), which may also played a part in the whole report. The initial concentration of heavy metals in the effluent sample used for the assay is equally follows: 1.82, iii.24, 2.62, and 1.52 mg/g of Cadmium, Nickel, Pb, and Copper, respectively.

Tabular array 2 Effect of contact time on removal of heavy metals

Full size tabular array

From Table ii, the highest removal of Copper, Nickel, and Cadmium were the highest at an optimum contact time of 60 min after which the percentage removal decreases, while Lead removal was the highest at optimum contact fourth dimension of ninety min after which the per centum removal decreases. Further shaking after the equilibrium time, only upshot in desorption (Anwar et al. 2010). This corresponds to the observation made by Elaigwu et al. (2009).

Table 3 shows the effect of temperature on removal of heavy metals: Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Cadmium. From the table, in that location is higher treatment efficiencies at a temperature of lxxx °C afterwards which the percent removal decreases.

Table 3 Effect of temperature on removal of heavy metals

Full size table

Similar to the work of (Mataka et al. 2010) on lead removal from wastewater using Moringa oleifera seed, this study further shows that as the temperature of the experiment increases up until fourscore °C; in that location is a clear increment in the percentage of heavy metals removed from the effluent waste h2o samples after which the percentage removal tends to subtract.

From Table three, the highest removal of Copper, Nickel, Pb, and Cadmium was at a temperature of 80 °C after which the percentage removal decreases. The effect is in agreement with similar work carried out by (Abdulrazak et al. 2015), who reported college adsorption properties of moringa oleifera pod on cadmium at college temperature. The initial concentration of heavy metals in the effluent sample used for the assay is as follows: 1.82, 3.24, ii.62, and 1.52 mg/g of Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, and Copper, respectively.

Conclusion

The activated carbon produced from African palm fruit, a depression-cost agricultural product showed a meaning ability in removing heavy metals: Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Lead from effluent wastewater from Sometime Panteka Market; a metal fleck Market located in Kaduna South Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria, and it, therefore, suggests that the availability of African palm fruit in the surrounding communities should be utilized in solving this environmental pollution.

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Affiliations

1. Department of Veterinarian Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello Academy, Zaria, Nigeria

   Sani Abdulrazak

2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

   K. Hussaini

3. Department of Microbiology, Kinesthesia of Scientific discipline, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

   H. M. Sani

Respective writer

Correspondence to Sani Abdulrazak.

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Abdulrazak, South., Hussaini, Thousand. & Sani, H.M. Evaluation of removal efficiency of heavy metals by low-cost activated carbon prepared from African palm fruit. Appl H2o Sci 7, 3151–3155 (2017). https://doi.org/x.1007/s13201-016-0460-ten

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• Received: 29 January 2016

• Accepted: 31 August 2016

• Published: 12 September 2016

• Issue Date: October 2017

• DOI : https://doi.org/ten.1007/s13201-016-0460-ten

Keywords

• African palm fruit
• Wastewater effluent
• Adsorption
• Temperature
• Contact time
• Activated carbon
• Heavy metals

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